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There are eight basic components in a radio receiver:ġ) antenna – couples the incoming em propagating wave into the receiver.Ģ) low-noise amplifier – boosts the power of the initial signal above the receiver noise.ģ) pre-selector filter – allows only the frequency band of interest to pass into the receiver (e.g., for fm radio 88-108 mhz).Ĥ) local oscillator/mixer – translates the signal from its propagation frequency to a lower, fixed intermediate frequency (if).ĥ) if amplifier – a high-gain amplifier that greatly increases signal power (i.e., to a detectable level).Ħ) if filter - allows only the signal of interest to pass. often, an antenna is required to launch the unbounded wave in a specific direction. wave of a transmission line and the unbounded propagating wave in space. its goal is to maximize the rate at which information is sent, while minimizing the effect of unknown channel parameters.Ĥ) power amplifier – increases the power (i.e., energy flow) of the modulated carrier signal, without (hopefully) distorting it.ĥ) antenna – acts as the coupling mechanism between the bounded e.m. in general, this process is called channel coding. accomplished by modulating some parameter of the carrier signal – e.g., magnitude, phase, frequency, or some combination thereof. it also may have been encoded to remove redundancy, in a process known as source coding.Ģ) rf source – generates electromagnetic energy at rf/microwave frequencies that are suitable for electromagnetic propagation (subject to fcc restrictions !).ģ) modulator – places signal a(t) (i.e., the information) onto the rf signal, known as the carrier. it may be in either digital or analog form. There are five main components of a transmitter:ġ) the signal a(t) – this is the information we are trying to transmit. The earth’s atmosphere rapidly attenuates the propagating wave!
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The difficulty in making electronic components. Q: why don’t we use frequencies greater than 40 ghz ? We can propagate energy anywhere within the electromagnetic spectrum, but we typically use frequencies less than, say, 40 ghz. There are more “radios” being built than ever before!Ī: a device that transfers information to a distant site, by means of unbounded electromagnetic propagation.Ī radio system has three sections, with antennas serving as couplers between each section: 1.2 maxwell’s equations and the fundamental of radiation:ġ-2-2 propagation in lossless, charge-free regionĢ-1-4 effective length/height of the antenna: